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| The original dust jacket of This Side of Paradise, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1920. |
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| F. Scott Fitzgerald during his Princeton years. |
F. Scott Fitzgerald burst onto the literary scene in 1920
with the publication of his first novel, This
Side of Paradise. The book immediately attracted the attention of critics
and readers across the country, and the twenty-three-year-old from Saint Paul
was hailed as a bright new talent in American literature.
This Side of Paradise is
a bildungsroman, or coming of age story, as it follows Amory Blaine from birth
through college and a little beyond. The focus is on Amory’s education and his
romantic attachments to various young women.
There are numerous parallels between Fitzgerald and Amory
Blaine. Fitzgerald was not as wealthy as he makes Blaine, but he grew up in an
upper-middle-class household. His maternal grandfather had made a fortune in
the wholesale grocery business and then died young. Francis Scott Key
Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1896. (Yes, he was distantly
related to the author of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”) In 1898 the family moved
to Buffalo, New York for ten years, before returning to Saint Paul in 1908. Fitzgerald
went to all the right schools, and rubbed shoulders with the very rich. The
image of him as a poor boy obsessed with the rich is wrong, but because his
social and financial positions were slightly more precarious than that of his wealthier
friends, he was finely attuned to differences in class and status. Fitzgerald
knew that he was not going to be able to just drift aimlessly through life with
the family fortune supporting him.
One minor difference between Fitzgerald and Blaine is that Blaine
spends several years as a teenager in Minneapolis, living with relatives. For
his junior and senior years of high school, Fitzgerald attended the Newman School,
a Catholic prep school in New Jersey, called St. Regis in This Side of Paradise. Fitzgerald then attended Princeton
University, as Amory Blaine does. While Blaine completed his college studies, Fitzgerald
did not graduate from Princeton, as a case of tuberculosis kept him back in
Saint Paul for most of his junior year of 1915-16. Fitzgerald was also in
danger of flunking out of Princeton, and his poor grades meant that he could
not participate in extracurricular activities. In the fall of 1917 he left
Princeton for officers’ training school.
In This Side of
Paradise, Fitzgerald is brutally honest about the academic reputation of
Princeton at the time, writing of Amory Blaine, “Princeton drew him most, with
its atmosphere of bright colors and its alluring reputation as the pleasantest country
club in America.” (p.41) This, coupled with the fact that Blaine seemingly
never attends class or does any work at Princeton, greatly annoyed the President
of Princeton, John Grier Hibben, who wrote a letter to Fitzgerald admonishing
him for how the university was portrayed in the novel. It was this reputation of
Princeton as a cushy country club that Woodrow Wilson was trying to change when
he was President of Princeton from 1902-1910. Wilson also wanted to do away
with the social clubs that were a fixture of Princeton life. Election to these
clubs, at the end of an undergraduate’s sophomore year, determined a student’s
social future for their next two years at the school. Just like Blaine,
Fitzgerald made the prestigious Cottage Club, but both Blaine and Fitzgerald ultimately
lost those positions due to poor academic standing.
Fitzgerald’s writing on college life is sharp. His
description of the poses that Blaine goes through in the novel are incisive,
beginning with his first day at Princeton: “By afternoon Amory realized that
now the newest arrivals were taking him for an upper classman, and he tried
conscientiously to look both pleasantly blasé and casually critical, which was
as near as he could analyze the prevalent facial expression.” (p.44)
Blaine later says, “’I’m a cynical idealist.’ He paused and
wondered if that meant anything.” (p.94) That seems like a good way of summing
up Fitzgerald as well.
Fitzgerald’s youthful romances and infatuations inspired
Blaine’s relationships with women in the novel. Blaine’s relationship with
Isabelle at the beginning of the novel was modeled after Fitzgerald’s
infatuation with Ginevra King, a beautiful and wealthy Chicago socialite. Fitzgerald’s
sense of humor is on display with this line: “They lunched in a gay party of
six in a private dining-room at the club, while Isabelle and Amory looked at
each other tenderly over the fried chicken and knew that their love was to be eternal.”
(p.98) The failure of his relationship with Ginevra King was a severe disappointment
to the young Fitzgerald, and she was the model for other characters in his fiction as well.
Blaine’s relationship with Rosalind Connage, the sister of
one of his best friends, is drawn somewhat from Fitzgerald’s courtship of Zelda
Sayre. Fitzgerald had met Zelda while he was stationed in Alabama during his
Army service. Zelda broke off their engagement in June of 1919, when Fitzgerald
was living in New York City after his discharge and trying to make a living
working for an advertising agency. Depressed after Zelda’s rejection of him, and
accumulating nothing but rejection slips for his short stories, Fitzgerald quit
his job and headed back to Saint Paul to attempt to finish his novel.
Another brilliant line in This Side of Paradise is when Rosalind says to Amory, “You’re not
sentimental?” He replies, “No, I’m romantic-a sentimental person thinks things
will last-a romantic person hopes against hope that they won’t.” (p.193) Again,
this seems like an apt description of Fitzgerald himself.
One of the female characters in This Side of Paradise who did not have a real life counterpart is
Eleanor Savage, who Blaine meets in Maryland during a torrential rainstorm. As
her last name implies, Eleanor is a wild country girl, although she still comes
from a wealthy family. Although Blaine’s romance with Eleanor feels rather
improbable in the context of the rest of the novel, Fitzgerald gives her one of
the best speeches in the book:
“…here am I with the brains to do everything, yet tied to
the sinking ship of future matrimony. If I were born a hundred years from now,
well and good, but now what’s in store for me-I have to marry, that goes
without saying. Who? I’m too bright for most men, and yet I have to descend to
their level and let them patronize my intellect in order to get their attention.
Every year that I don’t marry I’ve got less chance for a first-class man.”
(p.258)
Fitzgerald has eloquently summed up the dilemma of well-born
women of his generation.
This Side of Paradise originally
came to life as The Romantic Egotist, written
while Fitzgerald was in the Army in 1918. The book was rejected by Scribner’s,
but an editor working there, Maxwell Perkins, encouraged Fitzgerald to revise
the novel and re-submit it.
In June of 1919, Fitzgerald returned to Saint Paul and moved
back in with his parents, who were living in a Victorian brownstone at 599
Summit Avenue. They were less than thrilled that Scott had quit his job, but
they gave him time and space to work on his novel. Working furiously over the
summer, Fitzgerald rearranged the structure and added new scenes to the novel. In
early September 1919, he sent the manuscript to Scribner’s again. Maxwell
Perkins was the only editor who wanted to publish the novel. Perkins said, “My
feeling is that a publisher’s first allegiance is to talent. And if we aren’t
going to publish a talent like this, it is a very serious thing.” (Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F.
Scott Fitzgerald, by Matthew J. Bruccoli, p.99) Of course, Perkins was right. Scribner’s accepted This Side of Paradise just before
Fitzgerald’s twenty-third birthday, and soon his short stories began selling to
magazines. With his new success, he was able to win Zelda back, and they were
married on April 3, 1920, just a week after This
Side of Paradise was published on March 26th.
The first printing of This
Side of Paradise was 3,000 copies. While Fitzgerald hoped for sales of
20,000 copies, Scribner’s informed him that a good total for a first novel
would be 5,000 copies. The first printing sold out in just three days. F. Scott
Fitzgerald was on his way. By the end of 1921 This Side of Paradise had sold 49,000 copies. It would be
Fitzgerald’s best-selling book during his lifetime.
How does This Side of
Paradise hold up now, almost 100 years later? Well, it’s a bit of a mixed
bag. This Side of Paradise clearly has
its failings. It’s overstuffed, as Fitzgerald includes everything he can think
of in the novel, including letters, poems written by the characters, and he even
presents the first meeting of Amory and Rosalind as a play, complete with stage
directions. It’s clear that Fitzgerald is throwing everything he can at the
reader and seeing what sticks. It’s remarkable that Fitzgerald was able to move
from the everything-but-the-kitchen-sink style of This Side of Paradise to the crisp, clear economy of The Great Gatsby in just five years. But
for all of the faults of This Side of Paradise,
it’s also clear that Fitzgerald is a brilliant writer, with keen insight
into the human condition. In the hands of a lesser talent, the book would probably
be insufferable.
This Side of Paradise
throbs with passion, emotion and feeling, and I think this is probably what spoke
to young people in 1920. Fitzgerald wrote of the book in 1937, “A lot of people
thought it was a fake, and perhaps it was, and a lot of others thought it was a
lie, which it was not.” (From the essay “Early Success,” published in The Crack-Up, p.88) What I think he
meant is that there’s a lot of intellectual posing going on, but all of the emotion
in the book was real.
I’m reasonably certain that had I written a novel at the age
of 23, it would probably have been very similar to This Side of Paradise. As an adolescent and young man, like
Fitzgerald and Amory Blaine, I was always seeking the attentions of attractive
females, usually unsuccessfully. Also like Amory Blaine, my own self-image at
that age was constructed in large part from books I had read, or authors I was
seeking to emulate. This may account for the reason that I am rather forgiving
of the youthful faults of This Side of
Paradise.
When This Side of
Paradise was first published, the text was riddled with spelling errors.
Some of this was the fault of F. Scott Fitzgerald, as he was a terrible
speller, but Fitzgerald scholar Matthew J. Bruccoli also assigns blame to
editor Maxwell Perkins for proofreading the book himself, rather than handing
it off to a professional. (Some Sort of
Epic Grandeur, p.127) Unfortunately, these textual errors gave rise to the
idea that Fitzgerald simply wasn’t very smart. It’s a criticism that was fairly
common in highbrow literary circles during Fitzgerald’s life. His Princeton
classmate Edmund Wilson, who I think was probably jealous of Fitzgerald’s
talent, published a harsh critique of Fitzgerald in 1922, writing, “...he has
been given a gift for expression without very many ideas to express.” (Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, p.161) That’s
almost exactly what my American literature professor said of Fitzgerald eighty
years later. I remember him saying in class, “Fitzgerald writes like an angel,
but he doesn’t write about anything.” I disagreed, saying that I thought he
understood class and status better than any other American writer, and I
considered that a real achievement. Bruccoli writes that Wilson’s view of
Fitzgerald became a part of the standard treatment of the writer, “that he was
a natural, but not an artist.” (SSOEG, p.161)
This idea might have gained traction among the highbrow literary set because of
Fitzgerald’s sudden early success and rise to fame. There’s nearly always a critical
backlash against authors who become too well-known. And of course, Fitzgerald
was turning out stories for popular magazines left and right, so how serious a
writer could he really be?
Of course, Fitzgerald was a serious writer, and in a
self-interview from 1920 he wrote: “The wise writer, I think, writes for the
youth of his own generation, the critic of the next and the schoolmasters of
ever afterward.” How prophetic that statement proved to be.
